PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD

   - Is denser and more viscous than water

   - Feels slightly sticky

   - Temperature -  38 °C - 100.4 °F

   - slightly alkaline pH ranging from 7.35 - 7.45



COLOR

   - Color varies with its oxygen content

      - High oxygen content - bright red

      - Low oxygen content  - dark red


Constitutes

   - 20 % of extra cellular fluid

   - 8 % of total body mass



VOLUME

    Adult male - 5-6 liters

Adult female - 4-5 liters




IMPORTANT HORMONES ENSURING BLOOD VOLUME AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE RELATIVELY CONSTANT

1. Aldosterone

2. ADH

3. Atrial natriuretic peptide

BLOOD PLASMA

COMPONENTS OF BLOOD

1. BLOOD PLASMA

2. FORMED ELEMENTS

BLOOD PLASMA

      - 55 %

      - WATERY LIQUID EXTRA-CELLULAR MATRIX 

      - CONTAINS DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES

FORMED ELEMENTS

      - 45%

      - CELLS AND CELL FRAGMENTS

  - MORE THAN 99 % RED BLOOD CELLS

  -  LESS THAN 1 % WHITE BLOOD CELLS AND PLATELETS

IF A SAMPLE OF BLOOD IS CENTRIFUGED OR SPUN IN A GLASS TUBE

   - THE RED BLOOD CELLS SINK TO THE BOTTOM OF THE TUBE

   - LIGHT WEIGHT PLASMA FORMS A LAYER ON TOP

   - WBCs AND PLATELETS FORM A VERY THIN BUFFY COAT LAYER BETWEEN   

               - AS THEY ARE LESS DENSE THAN RBCs AND MORE DENSE THAN PLASMA 

 

BLOOD PLASMA

STRAW COLORED LIQUID WHEN FORMED ELEMENTS ARE REMOVED FROM THE BLOOD

COMPONENTS

1. WATER- 91.5%

2. SOLUTES- 8.5 %

         a.  PROTEINS- 7%

         b.  OTHERS- 1.5 %

1. WATER

 

     - LIQUID PORTION OF BLOOD

     - ACTS AS SOLVENT  AND SUSPENDING MEDIUM FOR COMPONENTS OF BLOOD

     - ABSORBS

     - TRANSPORTS

     - RELEASES 

                        HEAT

2a. PLASMA PROTEINS

   - PROTEINS CONFINED TO BLOOD

A. ALBUMINS  - 54%

      - SMALLEST

      - MOST NUMEROUS

      - PRODUCED BY HEPATOCYTES

function

      - transport proteins for several steroid hormones and 

                                      for fatty acids

B. GLOBULINS - 38 5

      - PRODUCED BY HEPATOCYTES AND 

                                      PLASMA CELLS

a. ANTIBODIES-  IMMUNOGLOBULINS

     - HELP ATTACK VIRUSES AND BACTERIA

b. ALPHA AND BETA GLOBULINS

     - TRANSPORT IRON

                               LIPIDS

                               FAT- SOLUBLE VITAMINS

C. FIBRINOGEN - 7 %

      - PRODUCED BY HEPATOCYTES

      - ESSENTIAL ROLE IN BLOOD CLOTTING

2b. OTHER SOLUTES

1. ELECTROLYTES

- INORGANIC SALTS

       CATIONS- POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS- Na+, K+, Ca2+'  Mg2+

      ANIONS- NEGATIVELY CHARGED IONS- Cl-, HCO3-, HPO42-, SO4 2-

function

      - HELP MAINTAIN OSMOTIC PRESSURE

     - PLAY ESSENTIAL ROLES IN CELL FUNCTIONS

2. NUTRIENTS

- PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION 

- PASS INTO BLOOD FOR DISTRIBUTION TO ALL BODY CELLS

INCLUDE

      AMINO ACIDS FROM PROTEINS

      GLUCOSE FROM CARBOHYDRATES

      FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL FROM TRIGLYCERIDES

     VITAMINS

 

      MINERALS

3. GASES

   - OXYGEN

   CARBON DIOXIDE

   - NITROGEN

MORE OXYGEN - ASSOCIATED WITH HEMOGLOBIN INSIDE RBC

MORE CARBON DIOXIDE- IS DISSOLVED IN PLASMA

4. REGULATORY SUBSTANCES

a. ENZYMES

   - PRODUCED BY BODY CELLS

   -  CATALYZE CHEMICAL REACTION

b. HORMONES

   - PRODUCED BY ENDOCRINE GLAND

   - REGULATE

                          METABOLISM

                          GROWTH

                          DEVELOPMENT

c. VITAMINS

   - COFACTORS FOR ENZYMATIC REACTIONS

5. WASTE PRODUCTS

   - MOST ARE BREAK DOWN PRODUCTS OF PROTEIN METABOLISM 

   - ARE CARRIED TO ORGANS OF EXCRETION

INCLUDE

                   UREA

                   URIC ACID

                   CREATINE

                   CREATININE

                   

                   BILIRUBIN

                   AMMONIA

19. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM - THE BLOOD INTRODUCTION

19. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM - THE BLOOD

INTRODUCTION

BLOOD AND HOMEOSTASIS

1. BLOOD CONTRIBUTES TO HOMEOSTASIS BY

     TRANSPORTING OXYGEN 

                                    CARBON DIOXIDE
       
                                     NUTRIENTS

                                     HORMONES

                                            TO AND FROM OUR BODY CELLS


2.  HELPS REGULATE BODY pH  
                                                       AND TEMPERATURE

3.   PROVIDE PROTECTION AGAINST DISEASE THROUGH

                                     - PHAGOCYTOSIS
                                             AND
                                     - PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES



CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

CARDIO = HEART
VASCULAR = BLOOD VESSELS

CONSISTS OF 3 INTERRELATED COMPONENETS

      - HEART

      - BLOOD

      - BLOOD VESSELS


HEMATOLOGY

HEMA- / HEMATO-  = BLOOD

- LOGY = STUDY OF

THE BRANCH OF SCIENCE CONCERNED WITH THE STUDY OF 
      - BLOOD

      - BLOOD - FORMING TISSUES

      - THE DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH THEM