ANATOMICAL POSITION

BODY POSITIONS

ANATOMICAL POSITION

THE SUBJECT IS

                                 - STANDING ERECT

                                 - FACING OBSERVER

                                 - FEET ARE TOGETHER

                                 - THE ARMS ARE HANGING AT THE SIDES

                                 - WITH THE PALMS FACING FORWARD

  PRONE-  IF THE BODY IS LYING FACE DOWN

SUPINE - IF THE BODY IS LYING FACE UP.

HOMEOSTASIS

HOMEOSTASIS

                                       The process through which a nearly stable internal environment is maintained in the body so that cellular functions can proceed at maximum efficiency

                                       is maintained through the regulatory process called “feedback

ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS

ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS


 six hierarchical levels:

1. CHEMICAL LEVEL

2. CELLULAR LEVEL

3. TISSUE LEVEL

4. ORGAN LEVEL

5. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL

6.  ORGANISM LEVEL



(1) CHEMICAL LEVEL 


                                 - is the lowest level of organization.
 

                                         Atoms (such as ions of sodium, potassium, calcium, etc.),
                                         molecules (such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, etc.),  
                                                              and 
                                         their chemical interactions play an essential role in the structural  and            functional aspects of the cell

ATOMS- MOLECULES- COMPOUNDS


ATOMS 

              the smallest unit of matter that take part in/ participate  chemical reactions

The most common elements/ atomsm in living organism are


  CARBON

HYDROGEN

OXYGEN

NITROGEN

PHOSPHORUS

SULPHUR

CALCIUM


MOLECULES

                      two or more atoms join together to form a molecule

Examples

1. DNA-  deoxyribonucleic acid-

                      -the genetic material passed from one generation to the next


2. GLUCOSE/  blood sugar


(2) CELLULAR LEVEL 


                                                   -molecules combine to form cells

                                  -Cells are dependent upon the structural and functional aspects of their chemistry 

                                   - are the building blocks of tissues. According to the cell theory,

                                   -all living things are made of cells,

                                    -cells are the basic units of life

                                    -cells come only from preexisting cells.

Some basic functions of cell

GROWTH 

REPRODUCTION

METABOLISM

IRRITABILITY



(3) TISSUE LEVEL

                                  -Tissues are groups of similar cells united to perform a particular function 

                                   -are the building blocks of organs.

There are four fundamental groups of tissues:

1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE


2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE


3. MUSCULAR TISSUE


4. NEURAL / NERVE TISSUE



1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE

                                -found 

                                             -in the outer layer of the skin, 
                                             -lining of organs, 
                                             -blood,
                                             -lymph vessels 
                                                   and 
                                             -body cavities



2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

                                            -connects and supports most part of the body

                                             -constitute most part of 
                                                                             the skin
                                                                                bone
                                                                                    tendons


3. MUSCULAR TISSUE

                                              -produce movement through its ability to contract

                                                             3 types

                                                                  A. SKELETAL
                                                                  B. SMOOTH
                                                                  C. CARDIAC


4. NEURAL / NERVE TISSUE

                                               -responds to various stimuli


                                               -transmits nerve impulses

                                                 
                                                      -found in 

                                                                  brain
                                                                      spinal cord
                                                                                 nerves




(4) ORGAN LEVEL
                              
                                             Organs are formed from the organization of several tissues that enable it to perform a particular function. 

                                              Organs are the building blocks of systems.


(5) ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL

                                             - Organ systems are formed from the interaction of associated organs. 

                                              -Systems are the building blocks of the organism.

THERE ARE 11 ORGAN SYSTEM

1. NERVOUS SYSTEM

2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

3. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

4.CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

5. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

6. URINARY SYSTEM

7. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

8.  ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

9. MUSCULAR SYSTEM 

10. SKELETAL SYSTEM

11. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM




(6) ORGANISM LEVEL

                                         -The organism is the highest level of organism and is organized from the  eleven organ systems.

PHYSIOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY

The word physiology is derived from a Greek word for study of nature

physio=nature
logy= study of DEFINITION

                        -study of function of body

DIVISIONS

1. CELL PHYSIOLOGY

2. PATHOLOGY

3. SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY

4. ORGAN PHYSIOLOGY


1. CELL PHYSIOLOGY

                                  - study of the function of cells 

                                  -a branch of cytology

2. PATHOLOGY

                                  - study of disordered functions or disease.


3. SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY

                                   -study of the function of the body's systems.


4. ORGAN PHYSIOLOGY

                                   - study of specific organs of the body.


Neurophysiology

                                NOOR-o¯-fiz-e¯-ol9-o¯ -je¯;

                                

                                neuro- nerve

                                study of  Functional properties of nerve cells.

Endocrinology
                       
                                en -do¯-kri-NOL-o¯-je¯
   

                                endo- within;  -crin secretion


                                study of Hormones (chemical regulators in
; the blood) and how they control body functions

Cardiovascular physiology 

                                   kar-de¯-o¯-VAS-ku¯-lar;


                                   cardi- heart; -vascular =blood vessels

                         
                                   study of Functions of the heart and blood  vessels.


Immunology

                                   im -u¯-NOL-o¯-je¯

                                   immun- not susceptible

                                   study of How the body defends itself against
 disease-causing agents.

Respiratory physiology

                                  RES-pir-a-to -re

                                  respira- to breathe

                                  study of Functions of the air passageways
 and lungs.


Renal physiology 


                                  (RE¯ -nal; ren- kidney)

                                  study of Functions of the kidneys.

Exercise physiology

                                  study of  Changes in cell and organ functions
as a result of muscular activity.


Pathophysiology

                                   (PATH-o¯-fiz-e¯-ol -o¯-je¯)

                                    study of Functional changes associated with
 disease and aging

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

1. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY


THE WORD ANATOMY IS DERIVED FROM A GREEK WORD ANATOME - TO CUT UP

a-NAT-o-me 

ana = up
tomy= process of cutting


DEFINITION

Anatomy is 
                        the study of structures that make up the body
                                                 &
                         how these stuctures relate with each other



It was first studied by dissection


Dissection

                 the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships


dis-SEK-shun

dis= apart
section= act of cutting

SUB SPECIALITIES OF ANATOMY

1. GROSS ANATOMY
               
              A. SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
              B. REGIONAL ANATOMY

2. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

3. HISTOLOGY

4. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

5. EMBRYOLOGY

6. SURFACE ANATOMY

7. CELLULAR ANATOMY/ CELL BIOLOGY

8. PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY

9. RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY

   
1. GROSS ANATOMY

                       - study of body structures without the use of a microscope
               
              A. SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
                      
                        -study of functional relationship of organs within a system

              B. REGIONAL ANATOMY

                        -study of body parts regionally


2. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

                        -STUDY OF BODY STRUCTURES USING A MICROSCOPE  


3. HISTOLOGY 


                         -(his -TOL-o¯ -je¯; hist- tissue)

                         -study of tissues


4. DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY

                          -  study of the structural development of the embryo.


                           -Study of the complete development of an individual from fertilization of an egg to death

                           -branch of embryology


 5. EMBRYOLOGY

                           
 em -bre¯-OL-o¯-je¯

embry- embryo; -logy study of 

                          - study of the structure and development of the embryo

                           - Study of the first eight weeks of development ; following fertilization of an egg (in humans).
.


6. SURFACE ANATOMY
               
                            - study of the structure of the body's surface.

                     
                             -Study of  Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch).


7. CELLULAR ANATOMY/ CELL BIOLOGY

        
                              - study of the structure and function of the cell.

                               - a branch of cytology

CYTOLOGY-

                      the study of the structure, function, pathology, life cycles, and life history
of cells.

8. PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY

                        (path -o¯-LOJ-i-kal; path- disease)

                        

                        Study of  Structural changes (from gross to microscopic) associated with disease.

9. RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY

                        ra¯-de¯-o¯-GRAF-ik

                        radio- ray; -graphic to write

                        Study of Body structures that can be  visualized with x-rays.