ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS

ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS


 six hierarchical levels:

1. CHEMICAL LEVEL

2. CELLULAR LEVEL

3. TISSUE LEVEL

4. ORGAN LEVEL

5. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL

6.  ORGANISM LEVEL



(1) CHEMICAL LEVEL 


                                 - is the lowest level of organization.
 

                                         Atoms (such as ions of sodium, potassium, calcium, etc.),
                                         molecules (such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, etc.),  
                                                              and 
                                         their chemical interactions play an essential role in the structural  and            functional aspects of the cell

ATOMS- MOLECULES- COMPOUNDS


ATOMS 

              the smallest unit of matter that take part in/ participate  chemical reactions

The most common elements/ atomsm in living organism are


  CARBON

HYDROGEN

OXYGEN

NITROGEN

PHOSPHORUS

SULPHUR

CALCIUM


MOLECULES

                      two or more atoms join together to form a molecule

Examples

1. DNA-  deoxyribonucleic acid-

                      -the genetic material passed from one generation to the next


2. GLUCOSE/  blood sugar


(2) CELLULAR LEVEL 


                                                   -molecules combine to form cells

                                  -Cells are dependent upon the structural and functional aspects of their chemistry 

                                   - are the building blocks of tissues. According to the cell theory,

                                   -all living things are made of cells,

                                    -cells are the basic units of life

                                    -cells come only from preexisting cells.

Some basic functions of cell

GROWTH 

REPRODUCTION

METABOLISM

IRRITABILITY



(3) TISSUE LEVEL

                                  -Tissues are groups of similar cells united to perform a particular function 

                                   -are the building blocks of organs.

There are four fundamental groups of tissues:

1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE


2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE


3. MUSCULAR TISSUE


4. NEURAL / NERVE TISSUE



1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE

                                -found 

                                             -in the outer layer of the skin, 
                                             -lining of organs, 
                                             -blood,
                                             -lymph vessels 
                                                   and 
                                             -body cavities



2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

                                            -connects and supports most part of the body

                                             -constitute most part of 
                                                                             the skin
                                                                                bone
                                                                                    tendons


3. MUSCULAR TISSUE

                                              -produce movement through its ability to contract

                                                             3 types

                                                                  A. SKELETAL
                                                                  B. SMOOTH
                                                                  C. CARDIAC


4. NEURAL / NERVE TISSUE

                                               -responds to various stimuli


                                               -transmits nerve impulses

                                                 
                                                      -found in 

                                                                  brain
                                                                      spinal cord
                                                                                 nerves




(4) ORGAN LEVEL
                              
                                             Organs are formed from the organization of several tissues that enable it to perform a particular function. 

                                              Organs are the building blocks of systems.


(5) ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL

                                             - Organ systems are formed from the interaction of associated organs. 

                                              -Systems are the building blocks of the organism.

THERE ARE 11 ORGAN SYSTEM

1. NERVOUS SYSTEM

2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

3. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

4.CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

5. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

6. URINARY SYSTEM

7. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

8.  ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

9. MUSCULAR SYSTEM 

10. SKELETAL SYSTEM

11. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM




(6) ORGANISM LEVEL

                                         -The organism is the highest level of organism and is organized from the  eleven organ systems.